Rehab: the withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol

Withdrawal is the process in which a person stops using addictive substances to reduce physical and mental dependence. This can be accompanied by physical and mental symptoms such as insomnia, muscle cramps, and anxiety.

Withdrawal is difficult due to the withdrawal symptoms that occur. According to a study by the Recovery Research Institute, half of the participants needed only two serious attempts at recovery, with an average of five attempts. About 13% of participants reported never having made a serious recovery attempt. The frequency of recovery attempts did not vary by age, gender, education, or income.

The most popular approach to withdrawal treatment follows a phased system. This process includes stopping the use of addictive substances, preventing relapse, and improving mental and physical health. The goal is to bring about positive changes and reduce the potential for relapse.

Withdrawal can also occur without admission to a rehab clinic, but these clinics provide support and guidance for overcoming substance dependence. They help individuals cope with the physical and mental symptoms associated with withdrawal.

The concept of detox is broader than withdrawal and can refer to any form of cleansing the body of harmful substances. In this case, we specifically refer to the withdrawal and detoxification of addictive substances.

What are the most common withdrawal symptoms?

Withdrawal symptoms are the effects that occur when someone abruptly stops using an addictive substance. These symptoms can be both physical and emotional.

Physical symptoms include the following.

• Shaking and tremors
• Sweating
• Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
• Insomnia
• Heart palpitations
• Muscle pain and cramps
• Headaches
• Itching
• Nausea
• High blood pressure
• Increased appetite

Emotional symptoms include the following.

• Irritability
• Restlessness
• Depression
• Feelings of anxiety or panic
• Difficulty concentrating
• Tension

The severity and duration of these symptoms can vary depending on factors such as the type of addictive substance and whether someone stops abruptly or gradually reduces use.

It is important to note that withdrawal from less addictive substances such as sugar, caffeine, and nasal spray does not cause the same severe symptoms as withdrawal from highly addictive substances like alcohol or drugs.

Shaking and tremors

Shaking and tremors are significant symptoms where the body begins to shake or tremble. They are recognized by uncontrolled movements, usually rapid and small.

Shaking and tremors are common symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol and drugs, especially for those who have become dependent. Substances like speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all cause shaking and tremors. The difference lies in the extent to which they cause this symptom and its duration.

To reduce shaking and tremors, it can help to keep the body warm, practice relaxation techniques, and get adequate rest.

Sweating

Sweating is a natural bodily process that helps remove excess heat and waste products. Sweating can also be a symptom of withdrawal when stopping drugs or alcohol. It is particularly intense during withdrawal from alcohol or opioids.

It is important to keep the body cool by wearing light, breathable clothing. Additionally, staying hydrated is essential to support the body’s natural detoxification process.

Studies, such as the one by Bardo and Compton (2015) titled “Does Physical Activity Protect Against Drug Abuse Vulnerability?”, have shown that despite excessive sweating, physical exercise remains important in addiction recovery and can help restore dopamine levels in the body.

Abdominal cramps and diarrhea

Abdominal cramps and diarrhea are unpleasant symptoms that often occur together. Abdominal cramps are painful contractions of the intestines, while diarrhea is the release of watery stool. Withdrawal from drugs and alcohol can also cause these symptoms, with severity varying depending on the type of substance used.

If you experience abdominal cramps and diarrhea, there are some ways to alleviate the symptoms. Staying well-hydrated and eating fiber-rich foods can help maintain intestinal health.

A recent study titled “Acute Diarrhea-Induced Shock During Alcohol Withdrawal: A Case Study” described a case of a 54-year-old man experiencing severe acute diarrhea during alcohol withdrawal, despite specialized nutrition, correction of vitamin deficiencies, and protection of the stomach lining.

The study emphasizes the importance of closely monitoring bowel movements in patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal, even during clinical admission, as it can lead to life-threatening complications.

Insomnia

Insomnia is the difficulty of falling asleep or staying asleep. It is characterized by persistent sleep problems, such as trouble falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night, or waking up too early and being unable to go back to sleep. Insomnia can lead to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

During drug and alcohol detoxification, insomnia can occur at varying levels of intensity. Research by Grau-López, L., Daigre, C., Palma-Álvarez, R., Martínez-Luna, N., Ros-Cucurull, E., Ramos-Quiroga, J., & Roncero, C. (2020) has shown that insomnia is a common symptom among patients admitted for detoxification.

There are ways to reduce insomnia. Maintaining good sleep hygiene is important, such as creating a calm sleep environment, avoiding caffeine before bedtime, and following a regular sleep schedule. Additionally, relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises and meditation can help improve sleep quality.

Heart palpitations

Heart palpitations are the sensation of an irregular or rapid heartbeat. They can be recognized by a strong, unusual awareness of the heart beating. Palpitations can occur during various activities, such as rest or physical exertion.

Heart palpitations can also be a withdrawal symptom during detoxification. The severity can vary depending on the type of drug used. For example, stimulants like speed, cocaine, and cannabis can cause palpitations due to their stimulating effects on the heart. Additionally, substances like lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam may also cause palpitations as a side effect.

A study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association found that individuals using opioids are nearly twice as likely to die compared to those using other methods for long-term pain management. More than two-thirds of opioid-related deaths were due to causes other than accidental overdose, with more than half attributed to cardiovascular conditions. It is therefore essential to be aware of the risks associated with opioid use and take appropriate precautions.

Muscle pain and muscle cramps are common symptoms that occur after physical exertion or overuse. Muscle pain is characterized by a sore and stiff feeling in the muscles, while muscle cramps involve sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles.

Drug and alcohol use can also cause muscle pain and cramps, depending on the type of substance and intensity of use. Substances like speed, cocaine, and cannabis, as well as lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam, can contribute to these symptoms. The severity and duration of symptoms may vary depending on individual factors and potential electrolyte imbalances.

To relieve muscle pain and cramps, several measures can be taken. It is important to allow the body adequate rest to support recovery. Applying heat or cold can provide relief, depending on the situation. If necessary, pain-relief medication may help alleviate discomfort. However, treatment depends on the underlying cause, so seeking professional advice is recommended.

Headaches

Headaches are a common symptom characterized by pain or discomfort in the head. They can take various forms, such as throbbing, pressure, or sharp pain. Often, headaches are accompanied by symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and sensitivity to light and sound. Identifying headaches can be challenging because their causes and intensity vary.

Headaches can occur with drug and alcohol use. The severity may differ depending on the type of drug. For example, speed and cocaine can cause intense headaches, whereas cannabis and lorazepam may lead to milder headaches. Tramadol, oxycodone, and GHB can also cause headaches, but the intensity may vary. Oxazepam may sometimes cause headaches, though it is less common.

There are several ways to reduce headaches. Identifying the underlying cause is crucial. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers like stress, poor sleep, and certain foods, can help. Drinking enough water, exercising regularly, and practicing relaxation techniques like breathing exercises or meditation can also be beneficial. In some cases, medication may be necessary, but consulting a healthcare provider is advised.

If headaches occur frequently, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional. They can conduct a thorough evaluation and provide personalized treatment plans and strategies to alleviate headaches.

Itching

Itching is a common symptom that causes an unpleasant sensation on the skin, leading to an urge to scratch. It can be triggered by various factors, including allergies, skin irritation, dryness, insect bites, and certain medical conditions. Itching is recognized by an intense desire to scratch and may also be accompanied by red, swollen, or irritated skin.

Drug and alcohol use can also cause itching, depending on the type and amount of substance used. Certain drugs such as speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can cause itching as a side effect. The severity of itching can vary and may occur both during use and withdrawal. It is important to note that drug-induced itching is not the same as an allergic reaction but is often referred to as a “pseudo-allergic” reaction. This may be caused by increased histamine levels, as demonstrated in a 2014 study published in Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.

To reduce itching, addressing the underlying cause is essential. Reducing or stopping the use of the triggering substance may help. Additionally, medications or treatments may be prescribed to alleviate itching. However, treatment depends on the specific cause, and consulting a healthcare provider may be necessary to determine the appropriate approach.

Nausea

Nausea is an uncomfortable sensation in the stomach that is often accompanied by the urge to vomit. It can have various causes, including food poisoning, pregnancy, medication, or underlying medical conditions. Nausea can also be a withdrawal symptom, particularly with drug and alcohol cessation.

Drug and alcohol use can lead to nausea, depending on the type and quantity consumed. It is especially common with substances like speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam. The severity of nausea varies based on the type of drug or alcohol and an individual’s bodily response.

If experiencing nausea, several methods may help alleviate it. Taking care of the body and getting sufficient rest is important. Avoiding foods and beverages that may worsen nausea, such as fatty foods, caffeine, and alcohol, can also be beneficial. Additionally, anti-nausea medications may be prescribed to ease symptoms.

However, if nausea persists or worsens, seeking medical attention is advisable. A professional diagnosis can help identify the underlying cause and determine the appropriate treatment.

High blood pressure

High blood pressure is a condition in which blood pressure levels are higher than normal. It is identified through regular blood pressure measurements, where readings above 140/90 mmHg indicate high blood pressure.

Drug and alcohol use can contribute to high blood pressure, with severity varying depending on the substance. Speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all influence blood pressure levels.

To lower blood pressure, several steps can be taken. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, is crucial. Additionally, quitting smoking and reducing drug and alcohol use can help.

A 2019 study involving 17,000 adults found that moderate alcohol consumption—between 7 and 13 drinks per week—significantly increases the risk of developing high blood pressure.

If high blood pressure is a concern, consulting a healthcare provider is essential. They can conduct a comprehensive evaluation and provide personalized treatments and strategies to reduce risk.

Increased appetite

Appetite is the desire to eat and can vary in intensity. It is recognized by an increased craving for food and more frequent eating.

Drug and alcohol use can influence appetite. The severity of this effect varies depending on the type of drug. Speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all impact appetite.

To manage increased appetite, adopting healthy eating habits and maintaining regular meals can be beneficial. Avoiding specific substances that stimulate appetite may also help.

A study titled “Explaining Excessive Weight Gain during Early Recovery from Addiction” by Nisha C. Gottfredson, Ph.D., and Rebeccah Sokol, MSPHb, explores why individuals in addiction treatment often experience significant weight gain during early recovery. The study suggests two hypotheses: the Addiction Transfer Hypothesis and the Propensity for Behavioral Addiction Hypothesis. The research finds no evidence supporting the Addiction Transfer Hypothesis but provides some support for the Propensity for Behavioral Addiction Hypothesis. The study does not account for the appetite-influencing effects of psychotropic medication. Encouraging healthy eating habits and providing general nutritional education can be beneficial in preventing excessive weight gain among individuals recovering from addiction.

Irritability

Irritability is the feeling of being easily annoyed and can be both physical and emotional. It is often associated with stress and can negatively impact daily life. Recognizing irritability can be done by noticing symptoms such as frequent frustration and having a short temper.

Drug and alcohol use can cause irritability, with severity varying depending on the substance. Speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all contribute to irritability. It is important to understand that reducing irritability caused by substance use often involves quitting or reducing consumption.

There are several techniques to help manage irritability, such as practicing stress management techniques, improving lifestyle habits through regular exercise, and consulting healthcare professionals such as therapists for a comprehensive evaluation and guidance. They can provide personalized plans and strategies to help control and reduce irritability.

Restlessness

Restlessness is a state of discomfort and increased physical and mental activity. It can occur as a symptom of various conditions and may be linked to environmental changes, such as stress or anxiety. Restlessness can be identified through increased psychomotor activity, irritability, and a general sense of unease.

Drugs and alcohol can cause restlessness, depending on the type and severity. Speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all contribute to restlessness. It is essential to differentiate between these substances, as the intensity and duration of restlessness can vary.

To reduce restlessness, several strategies can be helpful. Improving overall lifestyle habits, such as practicing relaxation techniques, engaging in regular physical activity, and ensuring adequate rest, can be beneficial. It is also important to consider whether underlying factors, such as stress or anxiety, contribute to restlessness. In such cases, consulting a healthcare provider or therapist can be valuable for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment strategies.

Sadness

Sadness is a common emotional state characterized by feelings of sorrow, melancholy, and an overall low mood. It may be accompanied by changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and interest in activities. Sadness can also be linked to stress and certain physiological processes in the body.

Drugs and alcohol can intensify sadness and increase its severity. Substances such as speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam may cause sadness as a side effect. It is important to differentiate between substances, as they have varying effects on mood.

To reduce sadness, several strategies can help. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and a balanced diet is crucial. Speaking with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment can also be beneficial. Therapists can provide comprehensive support and develop treatment plans to help manage and improve symptoms of sadness. Consulting professionals is recommended to determine the best approach.

Feelings of anxiety or panic

Anxiety or panic is an intense feeling of discomfort, fear, and distress. It is characterized by symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, and a sense of losing control. It can occur due to drug and alcohol use, with severity varying depending on the substance. Speed, cocaine, cannabis, lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, GHB, and oxazepam can all contribute to panic attacks.

To reduce feelings of anxiety or panic, several strategies can help. These may include avoiding drugs and alcohol, seeking professional help, and obtaining emotional support.

According to a critical review titled “Substance Abuse and Panic-Related Anxiety: A Critical Review” (B. J. Cox, G. R. Norton, R. P. Swinson, N. S. Endler), studies have shown that approximately 10-40% of individuals with alcohol dependence have a panic-related anxiety disorder, while 10-20% of individuals with anxiety disorders misuse alcohol or other substances. Most individuals with both anxiety and alcohol use disorders report that anxiety issues preceded their alcohol problems. In some cases, the use of specific substances (such as cocaine) may trigger panic attacks.

Managing panic-related anxiety disorders and reducing their intensity can be challenging, but treatment options are available. These may include the use of medication such as SNRI antidepressants. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation, guidance, and personalized treatment plans.

Difficulty concentrating

Difficulty concentrating refers to problems with maintaining attention on a specific task or activity. This can manifest as trouble focusing, becoming easily distracted, and experiencing mental fog. It may also lead to difficulties remembering information and making errors.

Drugs and alcohol can contribute to concentration problems, with severity depending on the substance. Speed, cocaine, and cannabis can impair concentration, while lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, and GHB can also affect cognitive function. However, oxazepam may sometimes help improve concentration.

To reduce concentration problems, several steps can be taken. Managing stress, improving sleep, and minimizing distractions are crucial. Creating a structured plan, using memory techniques, and taking regular breaks can also be beneficial.

If concentration problems persist and interfere with daily functioning, seeking professional help is essential. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare providers and therapists can be helpful in identifying the root causes and providing personalized treatment strategies.

Tension

Tension is a significant symptom associated with stress and physiological changes in the body. It can manifest as muscle tightness, psychomotor agitation, and joint pain. It can also be a symptom of anxiety and may hinder the recovery process.

Drugs and alcohol can exacerbate tension and increase its severity. However, different substances have different effects. For example, speed, cocaine, and cannabis can heighten tension, while lorazepam, tramadol, oxycodone, and GHB may help reduce it. Oxazepam can either increase or decrease tension, depending on dosage and individual response.

To reduce tension, several strategies and treatment options are available. Improving overall lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and a healthy diet, can help lower stress levels. Consulting healthcare providers and therapists can also be valuable, as they can offer a comprehensive evaluation and create personalized treatment plans.

What types of treatment methods are available for addiction?

There are various approaches to addiction treatment, including group therapy, social support, individual counseling, and complementary therapies.

For drug addiction treatment, holistic approaches are often used, combining counseling, medication, and MAT (medication-assisted treatment). For alcohol addiction, counseling and medication are commonly chosen treatments.

Each addiction treatment consists of different phases, and quitting without admission to a clinic is significantly more challenging than doing so in a structured facility. A rehabilitation clinic provides a structured environment and strong treatment focus, offering an ideal advantage. Additionally, a clinic supports family members throughout the process.

What are the phases of the withdrawal process?

The withdrawal process consists of multiple phases. It can vary depending on the individual and their specific situation, but generally includes the following stages: acknowledging the problem, detoxifying the body, addressing underlying issues, learning to manage cravings, and preventing relapse.

The first phase of addiction rehab is recognizing the problem and having open conversations with loved ones and professionals. Next comes the detoxification phase, where the substance is eliminated from the body under medical supervision in a rehab clinic. After detox, underlying psychological or emotional issues contributing to substance use are addressed through therapy and counseling.

Once underlying issues are managed, individuals learn to cope with cravings and prevent relapse. This may involve developing new stress management skills, adopting healthy coping mechanisms, and building a support network. After completing the withdrawal process, ongoing aftercare and support, such as participation in support groups or follow-up treatment, may be necessary.

The duration and approach of the withdrawal process vary depending on the individual’s specific needs and the substance they are quitting. It can be a challenging journey, but with the right support and treatment, it is possible to successfully recover and maintain a sober, healthy life.

Can you quit an addiction without rehab?

Yes, it is possible to quit an addiction without rehab. Although statistics on recovery success rates are not always promising, there are ways to quit successfully without formal admission. According to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse, the relapse rate after withdrawal ranges between 40% and 60%.

However, according to G. Vaillant in the British Journal of Addiction, the chances of long-term addiction recovery are generally higher with admission to a clinic and meaningful lifestyle changes.

Alternative approaches to quitting without rehab include outpatient therapy, holistic programs, and social support networks. While these options may not be suitable for everyone, they can be effective alternatives for individuals who cannot or do not want to attend a traditional rehab center.

How does a rehab clinic help with quitting addictive substances?

A rehab clinic assists with quitting addictive substances by providing inpatient or outpatient treatment with professional help and expertise to support recovery.

The rehab program includes psychotherapeutic treatment, where trained professionals understand the complexities of addiction and develop treatment plans tailored to an individual’s psychological needs.

Various therapies are offered, including individual and group therapy, to promote long-term recovery. The duration of stay in a rehab clinic varies depending on the individual’s needs.

The goal is to develop the skills necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle without addictive substances.

What are the benefits of a rehab clinic?

The key benefits of a rehab clinic include providing a safe environment for withdrawal, professional assistance, and continuous medical support to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. It also grants access to trained professionals who understand the complexities of addiction.

Is quitting addiction abroad a good alternative?

Yes, quitting addiction abroad can be a good alternative due to shorter waiting times. In some countries, waiting times for addiction treatment are significantly shorter than in your country. This means individuals can access the necessary treatment more quickly.

However, it is essential to consider personal preferences and needs while thoroughly researching the facilities and services offered in different countries.

What is the difference between detox and withdrawal?

Detox is a broader term referring to cleansing the body of various substances and toxins—not just addictive substances—while withdrawal is a more comprehensive process that extends beyond detox and includes multiple recovery phases.

Detox is the process of eliminating harmful substances from the body. It involves reducing and removing toxins, often through a specific diet, exercise, relaxation techniques like meditation and yoga, and avoiding harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs.

What is the difference between detox and withdrawal?

Detox is a broader term referring to cleansing the body of various substances and toxins—not just addictive substances—while withdrawal is a more comprehensive process that extends beyond detox and includes multiple recovery phases.

Detox is the process of eliminating harmful substances from the body. It involves reducing and removing toxins, often through a specific diet, exercise, relaxation techniques like meditation and yoga, and avoiding harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs.

Detox can help improve overall health, reduce stress, and restore balance in the body.

Withdrawal, on the other hand, is a specific process focused on stopping the use of addictive substances like alcohol or drugs. It goes beyond detox and often involves multiple stages, including tapering off use, managing withdrawal symptoms, and developing healthy coping mechanisms and lifestyle habits.