Cannabis Addiction: Signs, Risks, Diagnosis

Cannabis addiction is a situation where someone loses control over their cannabis use. Despite the issues it causes whether at school, work, home, or with friends this person continues using it.

It typically doesn’t happen overnight. It results from prolonged and frequent use, leading to both physical and psychological dependence. Physical dependence means your body has gotten used to cannabis. If you quit, or use less, you experience withdrawal symptoms. Think of irritability, sleep problems, sweating, or shaking. Your body protests when it doesn’t get the cannabis.

Psychological dependence is the strong, often irresistible craving for the feeling cannabis gives you. You might feel like you need it to relax, sleep, or handle stress. Even if you know it’s bad for you, you continue to crave it. The potency of the cannabis plays a significant role; the more potent the substance, the faster dependence can occur. Signs of cannabis addiction include increased tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms, and using cannabis to cope with problems.

Risk factors for developing an addiction include a young age at first use, frequent use, and existing mental health issues. The potency of cannabis, especially the high THC content, plays a crucial role in increasing the risk of addiction and can worsen existing mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Research shows a clear link between cannabis use and the development of psychological disorders.

What is cannabis addiction and how does it develop?

Cannabis addiction is when someone loses control over their cannabis use, even though it has negative consequences. It develops through repeated use of the substance, causing neurobiological changes in the brain. These changes lead to both physical and psychological dependence.

According to Zehra et al. (2018), cannabis addiction unfolds in three distinct phases, with each phase further fueling the vicious cycle of addiction. Continuous use causes the body to adapt to the drug, resulting in tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. These physical reactions intensify the craving for cannabis. It becomes an overwhelming need, even if you notice it’s causing problems in your life—think arguments, school or work issues, or financial worries.

Cannabis addiction, officially known as cannabis use disorder, is about losing control over your use, despite the clear negative consequences. The addiction mainly arises because the active substance in cannabis affects the “reward centers” in your brain. This creates a pleasant feeling, increasing the likelihood of developing a disorder with prolonged and frequent use.

What are the signs and symptoms of cannabis addiction?

The three main signs and symptoms of cannabis addiction are increased tolerance, needing more to feel the same effect; a strong desire for cannabis, sometimes experiencing an almost irresistible drive; withdrawal symptoms, which occur when you stop using.

Research by Farris et al. (2016) highlights an important factor in the development of cannabis dependence. They found a link between reduced ability to tolerate psychological discomfort and an increased number of cannabis dependence cases and associated problems. This indicates that people who struggle with processing and regulating psychological and emotional discomfort are more likely to use cannabis as an escape mechanism.

This behavior plays a significant role in the emergence and maintenance of the addiction cycle. Other common signs of cannabis addiction are behavioral changes, such as problems fulfilling responsibilities and engaging in risky behavior. Physical symptoms include weight changes and irregular heart rate.

Psychological symptoms range from anxiety and depression to cognitive issues such as difficulty concentrating, poor judgment, and impaired perception. If someone repeatedly tries to quit cannabis use but fails despite the apparent negative impact on various life areas, this also indicates the presence of an addiction. A specialist can determine if someone is genuinely addicted using all these indicators.

What are the risk factors for developing cannabis addiction?

Four major risk factors for developing cannabis addiction are age, genetics, mental health, and environment. Young people are more vulnerable due to ongoing brain development. Genetic predisposition increases sensitivity to addiction. Mental health issues, like depression, social anxiety, PTSD, and sensation-seeking behavior, increase the risk.

Environmental factors, such as exposure to cannabis through friends or family, also increase the likelihood of addiction. Moreover, the increasing potency of cannabis can influence the risk of addiction. Grigsby et al. (2023) identify depression, social anxiety, PTSD, impulsivity, sensation-seeking behavior, reasons to use, ideas about effects, and protective behavior strategies as risk factors for negative consequences of cannabis use.

Does the increasing potency of cannabis increase the risk of addiction?

Yes, the increasing potency of cannabis raises the risk of addiction. It contains strong THC levels that increase the chance of dependence. Research by Freeman and Winstock (2015) links frequent use of strong cannabis to a severe level of addiction, especially in young people.

This type of cannabis is often chosen for its potent effects and preference, but also brings negative consequences such as memory issues and paranoia.

Is cannabis addiction linked to mental health issues?

Yes, cannabis addiction is linked to mental health issues. Research shows that regular cannabis use increases the chance of developing psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis.

Especially in young people who start using cannabis early, and in individuals who use it for long periods and heavily, the risk is much higher. The study by Kaur et al. (2022) demonstrates a clear link between cannabis use and poor mental health and problems associated with addiction. However, this relationship is somewhat complex. The impact can vary significantly depending on the age at which someone starts using cannabis, and how often and how much they consume.

All these factors together determine the ultimate impact on your mental well-being and your risk of addiction. Moreover, genetic factors and existing mental disorders can amplify the impact of cannabis on mental health, exacerbating symptoms of existing disorders. The research underscores the importance of awareness about the risks of cannabis use, especially among young people and those with a history of mental problems.

How does cannabis affect the brain and behavior in the short and long term?

Cannabis affects the brain and behavior by causing short-term disturbances in learning, memory, attention, and motor inhibition. Long-term effects of heavy use, however, remain unclear, as research by Kroon, Kuhns, and Cousijn (2020) indicates.

Short-term effects include reduced learning and memory capacity, concentration problems, and worsened motor control. Long-term effects can vary and may show changes in cognition and behavior, but the evidence for this varies and depends on factors such as frequency of use and the age at which cannabis use begins.

Cannabis use can impair cognitive functions, leading to poorer academic or work performance. There is evidence that cannabis addiction can be common in certain families. This suggests a possible genetic predisposition. Various treatments are available for cannabis addiction, including behavioral therapies and support groups.

Can cannabis addiction affect academic or occupational performance?

Yes, cannabis addiction can affect academic or occupational performance. Dependence on cannabis can lead to concentration problems, memory disorders, and reduced productivity. Lorenzetti, Hoch, and Hall (2020) show that adolescents who use cannabis may experience negative effects in areas such as knowledge processing, brain health, and educational outcomes.

Is cannabis addiction hereditary?

Yes, cannabis addiction can be hereditary. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, as studies like that of Ehlers et al. (2010) show that both cannabis use and addiction, and even the individual addiction symptoms, are partially heritable.

The risk of addiction increases when use begins during adolescence and often accompanies hereditary psychiatric side effects, such as withdrawal symptoms. In addition to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, such as peer influence and parental behavior, increase the risk of developing a cannabis addiction.

The initiation of use and transition to problematic use is not only influenced by genetic factors but also by specific environmental influences. Research estimates that about half of the risk of developing a cannabis disorder can be attributed to hereditary factors, while the rest is mainly determined by specific environmental influences that play a role in early life stages.

What treatments are available for quitting cannabis addiction?

Available treatments for cannabis addiction include psychotherapy, support groups, and medical treatment. Behavioral therapies, such as motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and contingency management, have been shown to be effective in promoting sobriety according to Sherman & McRae-Clark (2016).

This combination teaches people to recognize and change their thought and behavior patterns, increases motivation to quit, and develops a recovery plan. Support groups like Narcotics Anonymous also offer help. Medical interventions are currently limited, but some rehab clinics offer a holistic approach.

Research is being conducted on pharmacological therapies for quitting cannabis addiction, but no officially approved medications exist yet. Cannabis withdrawal symptoms can hinder recovery, but they are generally less severe than those of other drugs.

Cannabis addiction differs from other drug addictions due to its unique interaction with the user’s mental well-being and the social acceptance of cannabis use, making treatment complex.

What pharmacological therapies are being studied for cannabis use disorder?

One pharmacological therapy being studied for cannabis use disorder is CBD, a non-psychoactive component of cannabis. This medication shows promise in reducing use and withdrawal symptoms.

Researchers are also investigating other medications. For instance, there’s nabilone, which is a kind of synthetic cannabis component. Additionally, there are medications that influence our own ‘cannabis system’ in the body, the so-called endocannabinoid system. Examples include FAAH inhibitors, which slow down the breakdown of natural cannabis-like substances in our body.

Nabiximols has also drawn attention. This is a spray applied in the mouth containing both THC and CBD. The hope is that this product can help reduce cannabis use and alleviate unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Beyond cannabinoid-related treatments, other pharmacological therapies are being studied. These include gabapentin, a GABAergic medication, and antipsychotics, which may help reduce cannabis use.

Additionally, research is being conducted on two other medications: naltrexone and varenicline. These medications are being examined for their potential in treating cannabis addiction. Brezing and Levin (2018) emphasize that although medications show success in treating cannabis withdrawal and reducing cannabis use, further research and careful examination of outcomes are needed to refine treatments.

How is cannabis withdrawal experienced and what are the symptoms?

Cannabis withdrawal, or “detox”, is experienced as a process that can cause both mental and physical complaints. According to Connor et al. (2021), symptoms of cannabis withdrawal include anxiety, irritability, anger or aggression, disturbed sleep or dreams, depressed mood, and loss of appetite.

Less common physical symptoms include chills, headache, tension, sweating, and stomach pain. Symptoms usually begin within a day of cessation, peak in the first week, and last up to a month. Severity and duration depend on usage frequency and individual factors.

How Does Cannabis Addiction Differ from Other Drug Addictions?

Cannabis addiction differs from other drug addictions in terms of physical effects and withdrawal symptoms. These are generally less severe than addictions to substances such as cocaine or heroin.

Research by Zehra et al. (2018) indicates that the three phases of drug addiction also apply to cannabis addiction, and are comparable to other drugs, but with some minor differences. The severity of cannabis addiction is generally lower compared to other drugs. A smaller percentage of cannabis users develop dependency.

The risk that cannabis addiction leads to the use of other substances is often discussed but is notably lower than, for example, with alcohol, opioids, or cocaine. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize that cannabis addiction can interfere with daily activities, harm health, and lead to social and occupational decline.

Is Cannabis Addiction as Severe or Quick as Cocaine or Heroin Addiction?

No, cannabis addiction is not as severe or quick as cocaine or heroin addiction. Cannabis addiction generally has a less immediate physical impact and a slower development. According to research by Lundqvist (2005), cannabis, stimulants, and heroin all affect concentration and memory.

Heroin may have a negative effect on impulse control and selective processing. Cocaine and heroin both lead to dependency faster with severe withdrawal symptoms, while cannabis users typically experience a slower onset and less severe symptoms. The severity of the addiction and how quickly it develops is reflected in how often people seek help. Cocaine and heroin users tend to seek treatment earlier than cannabis users.

What Percentage of Cannabis Users Develop Dependency Compared to Other Drugs?

About 22% of cannabis users develop dependency, as indicated by Leung et al. (2020). Compared to other drugs and substances like alcohol, cocaine, and opiates, this percentage is lower.

The risk of cannabis dependency is especially higher in those who start using at a young age and who frequently use during adolescence. Although cannabis is considered less addictive than other drugs, the number of affected individuals still represents a significant public health issue.

Can Cannabis Addiction Increase the Risk of Using Other Substances?

Yes, cannabis addiction can increase the risk of using other substances. The study by Blanco et al. (2016) shows that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of multiple substance use disorders in the general population, supporting the theory that cannabis addiction can lead to the use of other substances.

Rehabilitation clinics play a crucial role in treating cannabis addiction by helping individuals reduce or stop use and decreasing the likelihood of relapse. The risks of cannabis addiction are particularly present in adolescents, as their brains are still developing, which potentially makes them more susceptible to the addictive effects.

Can Rehabilitation Clinics Help with Cannabis Addiction?

Yes, rehabilitation clinics can help with cannabis addiction. They provide medical and psychological support for overcoming cannabis dependency. Rehabilitation clinics focus on both physical and mental health. They offer a range of treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

They also offer motivational interviewing and contingency management to develop strategies that promote abstinence. In severe cases, individuals can attend rehabilitation clinics for intensive guidance and support. Seeking professional help is crucial; it can significantly reduce cannabis use, both in frequency and quantity.

Rehabilitation clinics also offer group therapy and personal consultations. These are essential for recovery and to prevent someone from using cannabis again. Furthermore, national hotlines and community support are available to assist people in this challenging struggle. It’s essential to know that adolescents are at a higher risk of cannabis addiction, so early recognition and assistance for this group are particularly important.

Are Adolescents at a Higher Risk of Cannabis Addiction?

Yes, adolescents are at a higher risk of cannabis addiction. This is mainly because their brains are still developing. The ‘reward system’ in their brains, the so-called endocannabinoid system (on which the active compounds of cannabis act), is not yet fully matured.

This makes them particularly vulnerable to the effects of cannabis and increases the likelihood of developing an addiction. The environment in which they grow up also plays an important role. Research by Lawn et al. (2022) shows that adolescents who use cannabis have a higher chance of severe cannabis addiction and more psychotic symptoms than adult users and peers who do not use cannabis.

Adolescents are in a crucial phase for brain development, characterized by significant cognitive and psychological developments, making disruptions from cannabis use more significant. Various factors increase the risk of cannabis addiction in youth. The search for new experiences, peer influence, and sometimes insufficient parental supervision play an important role.

Research emphasizes that adolescents not only have a higher risk of developing a cannabis addiction but also face negative mental health effects compared to adults and peers who do not use cannabis. This underlines the importance of awareness and prevention of early cannabis use to reduce the development of addiction and its negative consequences.